Applying the EPIS framework to Dashboard Design and Implementation
Introduction
In a previous post, I discussed the various types of dashboards and the design principles and best practices for dashboard design and development [1]. I highlighted how the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation and Sustainment (EPIS) framework has proven to be an effective methodology to ensure the proper application of user-centered design methodology and implementation science to dashboard design.
Through a structured four-phase approach, EPIS ensures that dashboards are designed with a deep understanding of the user problems and needs. It also ensures that dashboards remain usable and provide the most value and impact through proper initiation and monitoring post implementation.
Through its application of the multi-phased approach to new interventions and technologies, EPIS further strengthens the opinions I expressed in my previous post, that a well-designed dashboard can become a co-pilot and an effective tool in enabling users to gain insights and make key decisions. When properly applied to dashboard design, EPIS can help establish the foundation and architecture for the entirety of the application the dashboard serves.
The EPIS framework
EPIS comprises of four phases that align well with the design and implementation of a dashboard through clear identification of outer systems and inner organizational contexts [2]. Even though the EPIS framework starts with exploration, it is important to consider the sustainment phase as work progresses throughout the different phases. This ensures that the dashboard is designed and developed with sustainability in mind. The EPIS framework consists of four phases:
Exploration – this phase is informed both by user-centered design methodology and implementation science to identify the data metrics and functionality the dashboard must offer. The process begins by identifying the actors and conducting interviews to further understand their needs, and what data metrics would be most useful to them. Interviews may be guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), which provides a taxonomy and structure for evaluating implementation factors across multiple contexts [3][4]. CFIR consists of five domains that include intervention characteristics, outer and inner settings, characteristics of individuals and process. These domains inform the collection and assessment of user feedback and provide a framework for documenting decisions and evaluating outcomes.
Preparation – the preparation phase considers the data metrics identified and their value, including any interoperability and dependencies among the identified metrics. Barriers and facilitators to implementation are also identified to ensure that data metrics can be implemented with the proper frameworks for coaching, audit and feedback, and that they promote effective decision-making. It is also important to consider data sources and their ease of access. Any lag or performance issues in accessing the data are also identified and addressed.
Implementation – during implementation, the value, accuracy, interoperability and clarity of the data metrics identified are continuously monitored. Ongoing needs assessment and monitoring of barriers to implementation are also conducted. It is important to continuously seek end user feedback throughout the implementation phase on users' understanding and interpretation of the data metrics and functionality added to the dashboard. This can be achieved through user interviews, surveys and usability testing sessions.
Sustainment – the sustainment phase ensures the continued delivery of the dashboard, its associated data metrics, and functionality through an iterative design and evaluation process. A set of important outcomes is established based on the purpose of the dashboard and the user feedback gathered during the preparation phase. The sustainment phase provides ongoing support to ensure that the dashboard delivers the outcomes it was designed to do based on its purpose.
Figure 1. The EPIS framework.
Applying EPIS to dashboard design
Applying the EPIS framework to dashboard design emphasizes the application of user-centered design methodology especially during the exploration and preparation phases, while implementation science supports the implementation and sustainment phases.
In [4] the authors highlight eight recommendations for enhancing dashboard use in the context of EPIS:
Determine data metrics and value of data accuracy – this applies to all phases and requires identifying data metrics of value to all actors. The actors identified can include end users who may interact directly with the dashboard, and other stakeholders who may not interact directly with the dashboard but may be impacted by it. It is also important to consider the sources of data used and their degree of data accuracy.
Data interpretability and clarity – applied during the preparation and implementation phases, this recommendation involves assessing potential unintended consequences and monitoring user interpretation of data to ensure accuracy.
Early and ongoing multi-level needs assessment/identification of implementation barriers and facilitators – applied during the exploration, preparation and implementation phases, this recommendation ensures that designers conduct an ongoing assessment of the needs of all relevant actors who may be exposed to the dashboard or may be impacted by it.
Design for equity – applied during the preparation and implementation phases, this recommendation addresses any potential data biases and considers the impact of the dashboard on diverse populations. Data presented on the dashboard must reflect the needs of the diverse populations that may be exposed to it.
Usable and intuitive dashboard components – during the preparation and implementation phases, it is important to ensure that dashboard components are intuitive and easy to understand when visualizing data. The dashboard must be user-friendly, intuitive, easy to understand and visually appealing without requiring the users to seeks assistance to interpret the data.
Iterative design and evaluation – the preparation, implementation and sustainment phases must incorporate an iterative dashboard design and evaluation process. This is accomplished through frequent usability testing to gather feedback from users and updating the design to address any usability gaps identified.
Consider appropriate outcomes – during the preparation, implementation and sustainment phases, it is critical that an appropriate set of outcomes is identified depending on the purpose of the dashboard. The dashboard may serve as an enabler for intervention or as the provider of the implementation strategy for intervention. An intervention dashboard is critical for delivering outcomes such that it would significantly impact the effectiveness of those outcomes if it is removed from practice. Implementation strategy dashboards provide insights that support the implementation of an intervention. They assist the user by delivering performance data to inform decisions or behaviours.
Plan for sustainment – even after the dashboard in implemented and is in use, it is important to develop a plan to ensure the sustained use of the dashboard over the long run. This involves frequent engagement of users to learn about any gaps or barriers to use and proposing solutions to those barriers. The sustainment plan should also consider the short- and long-term needs of users to ensure the dashboard continues to offer value over time.
Conclusion
The EPIS framework was developed to address challenges in implementing data-driven solutions in public service environments including child welfare, social services and health care. It has proven to be an effective framework for developing dashboards for any type of application, and a leading guide for the adoption of user-centred methodology and implementation science in the design and development of context-sensitive dashboards. As the framework continues to be refined and adapted to diverse research, policy and practice settings it will continue to establish itself as the foundation for the design and development of usable and sustainable dashboards.
Designing solutions that work for users is what fuels my work. I’d love to connect and talk through your design ideas or challenges, connect with me today on LinkedIn or contact me at Mimico Design House.
References
[1] Dashboards Drive Great User Experience
[2] What is EPS?
[3] Smith LR, Damschroder L, Lewis CC, Weiner B. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research: advancing implementation science through real-world applications, adaptations, and measurement. Implement Sci. 2015;10(Suppl 1):A11. Published 2015 Aug 20. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-10-S1-A11
[4] Rossi FS, Adams MCB, Aarons G, McGovern MP. From glitter to gold: recommendations for effective dashboards from design through sustainment. Implement Sci. 2025;20(1):16. Published 2025 Apr 22. doi:10.1186/s13012-025-01430-x
